Contradictions in Terms: Making Sense of Journalism's Foreign Policy Taxonomy
July 2, 2003
By Eric Cox
Foreign policy makes for strange bedfellows these days. The Iraq war revealed (or augmented, depending on your interpretation) several rifts—between old allies, within ideological movements, and even within the Bush Administration. To take but one example, only a few years ago Tony Blair and Gerhardt Schroeder were poster boys for the so-called Third Way. On Iraq they couldn’t have been further apart. Blair is much closer politically to Bill Clinton than to George W. Bush, of course, but even out of office Clinton has never come close to being as hawkish as either Blair or Bush. What accounts for this?
One looks to journalists and pundits to explain such phenomena, but thus far, many have offered nothing but more confusion. A prime example is Newsweek editor Michael Hirsh’s new book At War with Ourselves: Why America is Squandering its Chance to Build a Better World. At times Hirsh suggests that the new dividing line is between “unilateralists” and “multilateralists”; at other times, “realists” (or “exceptionalists”) and “idealists” (or “Wilsonians”); at still other times, Hirsh describes the two camps as subscribing to doctrines of either “hard power” or “soft power”; and frequently he refers to the combatants as simply the “right” and the “left.” Additionally, people like Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz are alternately described by Hirsh as “neoconservatives” and “hegemonists.” Colin Powell is occasionally a “moderate” (which, of course, merely begs the question: a moderate what?). And so on.
All of these terms are painfully familiar to anyone who attempts to follow the foreign policy debate in the mainstream press. In his 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language,” Orwell observed, “The present political chaos is connected with the decay of language, and [. . .] one can probably bring about some improvement by starting at the verbal end.” The same is true today. Journalists would do us all a tremendous favor by being more careful and consistent in assigning their labels. Getting the terminology right would help us determine which of the labels are of primary as opposed to secondary importance, and thus those that are helpful rather than unhelpful in understanding the new foreign policy disputes and alliances.
In the first place, it is quite simply inaccurate to use terms such as “unilateralist,” “realist,” and “right-wing” (or “multilateralist,” “idealist,” and “left-wing”) interchangeably. The debate is far more complicated than that.
It makes no sense, for example, to define people as “unilateralists” or “multilateralists.” These words describe strategies: do you need allies in this situation, or should you go it alone? Most thinking people will at least want to preserve their option to do either as circumstances dictate. Likewise, “hard power” and “soft power” merely describe tactical tools and implements of foreign policy that may be used for different ends and in tandem with opposing strategies. Militaries are “hard power” implements; diplomacy and international organizations are tools of “soft power.” During the Iraq debate, the question of whether “hard” or “soft” power should be used was at the core of a vehement disagreement, but in the case of North Korea, all sides seem to agree that “soft power” is the most feasible course. Disputes about such issues are reflections of differing attitudes, strategies, and tactics, perhaps, but not fundamentally differing objectives.
By contrast, the terms “realist” and “idealist” are meaningful precisely because they give us a sense of the purposes and ends that people want to achieve in foreign policy: “realists” generally want stability and security for their nation’s interests, “idealists” generally want to do some good in the world, in some cases, even if it’s not strictly in their nation’s interests.
The terms “left” and “right” are meaningful only to a lesser extent, because, although they might give us a rough idea of how an individual thinks generally, and perhaps how he or she might view certain implements of foreign policy—such as the military or the United Nations—knowing these kinds of things are not as important as knowing what the individual’s ultimate aims are. To the extent that we can know an individual’s aims, the terms “realist” and “idealist” are simply more descriptive and therefore better than “left” and “right.” In addition, “left” and “right” are particularly unhelpful terms today because ideological divisions do not fall as neatly into the binary oppositions of the Cold War as we might like.
Realists and idealists may be either unilateralists or multilateralists, depending on the circumstances. Likewise, those on the left may be idealistic multilateralists (think of Kofi Annan) or unilateral realists (Ken Pollack). A unilateral realist of the left like Pollack, moreover, probably shares more in common with a unilateral realist of the right (Dick Cheney) and a multilateral realist of the right (Colin Powell) than they share with each other, but not as much with a unilateral idealist of the left (Christopher Hitchens) or a unilateral idealist of the right (Paul Wolfowitz), both of whom may be quite happy in each other’s company.
An example of the confusion that can result from misapplying these labels is the common suggestion that the reason for the infighting between the Bush departments of State and Defense is that Colin Powell is a “hard-headed” Wilsonian idealist akin to the foreign policy team of the Clinton administration, and Wolfowitz and company are “crusading” realists. That analysis has it exactly backwards. Many journalists assume that Powell’s moderate positions on domestic political issues make him something of a leftist, and hence an idealist. This is the trouble with emphasizing political labels rather then foreign policy ones, or with conflating the two. Powell is a multilateralist precisely because he is a realist. He views the implements of soft power as a convenient way of forestalling America’s military engagement in countries where Powell believes America has no immediate national security interests.
Nonetheless, the realist right—of which Powell is a member—shares the idealist right’s opposition to ceding very much authority to international mediating institutions. This is much less a product of ideology than meets the eye. The reason both groups share that position is that “soft power” implements tend to obstruct the particular ends that each group seeks: the right-idealists want to achieve their objective (toppling tyrannies, spreading democracy) quickly, before the opportunity is lost, and “soft power” gets in their way. The right-realists, on the other hand, believe that the long-term interests of international bodies conflict with those of the United States, the latter being the primary concern of all realists. (Powell is no exception in that regard.) The fact that both groups are said to be on the “right” is coincidental, and in fact carries almost no explanatory power at all, as the two sides agree on almost nothing fundamentally and many show an increasing tendency to not want to be associated with one another at all.
When discussing foreign policy, then, the most meaningful terms to use would seem to be “realists” and “idealists,” because the idealists of both left and right share the aim of using America’s foreign policy in the service of essentially moral ends, and the realists of both sides decidedly do not. All other distinctions are pragmatic—either strategic or tactical, depending on the circumstances—and therefore secondary.
The inevitable disputes among realists—like the disputes among idealists—are likely to be short-term and relatively insignificant. By contrast, the disputes between realists and idealists are so fundamental that they stand a good chance of rearranging the political labels we have become accustomed to. That would be an awfully big story for a journalist to miss.
Eric Cox is Managing Editor of American Outlook magazine, which is published by the Hudson Institute (www.hudson.org).